Microb + Parasite + Pharmaco?

I want to share some advice which I read from a Microbiology book :

• To succeed you must first memorize essential concepts and terminology but more important is that you need to understand, think about and analyze what you have learned. 
• The second step to success involves your own learning style. Perhaps the list of how psychologists prioritize the pyramid of learning is a good guide as to how you can retain information.                  

          It states that we remember about:

• 10 % of what we read
• 20% of what we hear
• 30% of what we see
• 50% of what we see and hear    
• 70% of what we discuss with other
• 80% of what we experience personally
• 95% of what we teach other person

• Therefore, you should not just read the book, but you must attend lectures.listen to your tutor explain the material and write down the notes. You should discuss the concepts with other in study group. It is with these interaction that you will not just memorize words but understand the ideas and be able to apply them later throughout your career.

          Hope this piece of advice helps you guys...thanks for reading

Lecture List Block 3

Fuh...

The lecturers weren't kidding when they said that this block is packed. Take a look for yourself:

Google Docs link
Scribd Link

Credit to: Academic Lujnah. Say thanks to the head coms!

Guidance Box Q&A

Question:
I’ve heard that we can perform solat jama’ and qasar during a journey when we are confident that by the time we arrive at our destination, the prayer time period has ended. Is that true?

Answer:
Bismillah Walhamdulillah, as a muqaddimah:

When we discuss the rukhsah of jama’ and qasar, the main priority upon Muslims is to pray within the set time period. This is according to the Quranic verse:

Indeed, prayer has been decreed upon the believers a decree of specified times. (An-Nisa’, verse 103)

1. However, in certain conditions a person will experience difficulty in performing a prayer within its set time period. In this case, Allah gives a rukhsah as a proof of his mercy and to show the flexibility of the Syari’ah. In a narration from Ya’la bin Umayyah, he said:

I said to ‘Umar ibn al-Khattaab (may Allaah be pleased with him): “ ‘there is no sin on you if you shorten As‑Salaah (the prayer) if you fear that the disbelievers may put you in trial (attack you)’ [al-Nisa’ 4:101]; but now the people are safe.” He said: “I wondered the same thing, and I asked the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) about it. He said: ‘This is a favour (lit. charity) that Allaah has granted you, so accept His favour.’” Narrated by Muslim.  

2. It is shameful for a servant of Allah not to perform the obligatory daily prayers. Allah has given the blessings of food, clothing and life, but the servant does not fulfill his responsibilities towards Allah. It is no wonder then, why these Quranic verses were revealed:

What hath brought you to this burning? They will answer: We were not of those who prayed

(Surah Al-Muddathir, verses 42-43)

3. The problem stated can be explained as so: A traveller performs solat jama’ taqdim during Zohor. After proceeding with the journey, he arrives at his mukim during Asar. In this case, he does not need to pray Asar again. This is because the Propher S.A.W prohibits people from repeating a (fardhu) prayer twice in a day:

Narrated Abdullah ibn Umar: Sulayman, the freed slave of Maymunah, said: I came to Ibn Umar at Bilat (a place in Medina) while the people were praying. I said: Do you not pray along with them? He said: I heard the Apostle of Allah (SAW) say: Do not say a prayer twice in a day. (Abu Dawud, hadith #579)

4. Based on the hadeeth that have been presented, the opinion above is not exactly correct.

Wallahu’alam
ISLAH LEAGUE
We care, that’s why we share

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Translator's notes:

I apologize for any shortcomings in translating this. There are certain terminologies in Fiqh that are quite hard to translate into English, mainly due to the fact that we were educated about Fiqh in Malay. If you do not understand the answer given, I apologize again.

This is the original answer given in Malay:

Click here

Y1B3 Week 1 Timetable

jama',qasar au lak????

(pic by IL : Our Journey)

Internal Medicine

Just want to share some of notes that managed to copy during lectures, not perfect and complete. These notes may or may not help you. If anyone has additional notes regarding IM, please share!

Internal Medicine

Lecture 2 & 3: Biology of Tumor Growth & Clinical Aspect of Tumor growth

A . Fundamental principles of genetic basis of cancer:

Nonlethal genetic damage is the basis of carcinogenesis à may be hereditary or acquired

B . Components of Tumor Mass:

1.       Cancer mass

2.       Normal cells

3.       BV, matrix

4.       Infiltrative components e.g. macrophages, neutrophil

C . Factor influencing tumor progression:

1.       Growth fraction (how many cancer cells are actually proliferating:

a.       Lymphoma ~ 90%

b.      Prostate cancer ~ very2 low

2.       Rate of proliferation (Doubling Time)

a.       The lesser the doubling time, the faster the rate of growth

b.      E.g. : cervical cancer : 90-100 days ; lymphoma : 1 month

3.       Cell loss

a.       Amount of cells that undergo apoptosis after completing the doubling time

b.      Most do not undergo apoptosis, one of the reasons is p53 tumor suppressor gene is defective.

*not all cancer cells are proliferating cells, usually ~70% are

*cancer has many causes, not a uniform disease

*majority of cancer is chronic: in-situàinvadesàmetastasis

D . Purpose of Treatments:

1.       Curative intent

2.       Palliative intent

Where 1/3 is curable, preventable and palliable

E. Treatment modalities

1.       Surgery

2.       Radiation therapy

3.       Chemotherapy

4.       Biological response

*Terminal state & terminal care:

- life is very limited

- <6 months

Lecture 4 & 5: Cancer and Grading Staging & Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Hazards

*Grading – looking at some properties of the cells

*Staging – where it has limited to and where it has gone(metastasize)

**Classifying includes grading and staging

A . Historical Perspective

1.       Broder-grading cancer cells: increase of histological differences, higher grading

2.       Gleason: prostate cancer

3.       Blom-Richardson: Breast cancer

4.       Fuhrman: Kidney cancer

#Classical Grading

~   1,2,3,4:

§  Well differentiated – resembles original cells

§  Moderately differentiated

§  Poorly differentiated, anaplastic

§  Undifferentiated

     ~ Other features used in grading:

§  Presence or absence of specific receptor; e.g. breast cell has estrogen receptor

§  Biological markers; e.g CEA

#Why staging and grading is needed?

§  To know the extent of tumor for prognosis and treatment purposes

§  To standardize between different centres and groups of people managing cancer

§  Data-base for studies and researches

#Some staging systems:

§  TNM WHO staging (use almost for all cancer except O&G type of cancer):

o   T- Topography

o   N- lymph Nodes

o   M- Metastasize

§  FIGO (federation of Gynecologists and Obstetrics)

#Effects of massive doses of radiation: if the radiation causes…

§  Brain death : immediate effects

§  Gut death : 1-5 days

§  Bone marrow death : 2-4 weeks

# Effects of therapeutic doses:

§  Little by little in long time, then the tumor mass get killed

    

I just couldn't resist

I found this word while reading the Atherosclerosis notes from Dr.Aung Gyi. I looked up what it meant, and to make sure that it sticks in my brain as long term memory, I made another poster! =P

Local Invasion: Benign or Malignant?

Assalamualaikum.. just want to share this, in case any of us had had similar confusion.. ^_^'

A question was asked to Dr Norlelawati to get a clearer explanation on 'local invasion'..

Question:

My friends & i remembered that u said in the lecture, local invasion refers to benign tumor. U also stated about that clearly in the notes on 'tumor invasion & metastasis' u gave us.

My question is why is it stated in Robin 8th edition:

    page 179 "Next to the development of metastases, local invasiveness is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors"

    page 181 in the summary "Benign tumors remain localized to the site of origin, whereas malignant tumors are locally invasive and they metastasize to distant site"

Could you please explain what do the Robin's sentences actually mean?

Answer given by Dr Norlela:

the confusion is rather due to terminology that we/ I use...some author would like to refer to the term i.e "local invasion"  when referring to benign growth.  As being stressed during my lecture, for growth of malignant tumour, before it  metastasis to other site, the tumour cells  in fact , need to invade the surrounding structure....this is also called invasion or  " local invasiveness" - robbins....in "local invasiveness" as explained by robbins, it tumour carries all the characteristic features  of malignant tissue; not encapsulated, breaching the basement membrane, and the cell it self is malignant cell -cellular n nuclear polymorphism etc bla bla....whereas where we talking about benign tumour remember,.......there are encapsulated , but they will grow and expand within that capsule st pressing the surrounding normal structure ( this  is st called  local invasion by certain author where i refer to when preparing the lecture).

NOW
if these  are making you confused -  stick to common terminology use by Robbins ( the  kitab of Pathology).  Nevertheless you must first understand what the  biological and physical activity that are going on that defer  benign fr malignant tumour.    Conclusion: malignant cells has the capability to invade ( invasiveness) and to metastasis ( as explain in my lecture).  Cheers.

dr lela

That's all.. wallahua'lam..

End Block Compilation

Assalamualaikum....here's the answers...

• Essay Immune
• Essay Patho
• Essay Psyco
• Short note Immune
• Short note Patho
• Short note Psyco
• MCQ Bro
• MCQ Sis
• PBQ

Happy End-Block Exam! ^_^

Latest news on our beloved Brother

Assalamualaikum

1. Due to advice from the Doctor, Zahin will probably be taking leave until the next academic year (He won't be joining us for block 3 & block 4. InsyaAllah, he'll restart next year with our junior batch). He is a bit sad about that, so please keep on praying for him to be strong and recover well. His sister mentioned that she'll suggest that he join a tahfiz class during his time away.

2. To the Brothers: His sister requests that we collect the things in his apartment, because they are all going back to Kota Bharu this Tuesday (4th Jan). If possible, please pack up all his things for him. For more info, please contact Afiq Arshad.

3. We won't be seeing Zahin for a long time, so we should go visit him and try to cheer him up. In my opinion, it would be rude and difficult for his family if we keep going to their house, so I suggest that we pick a specific time and date where we can all go. Please discuss and confirm this matter on FaceBook, and we will contact Zahin's family to inform them about it.

• Sisters can go visit him too.
• If possible, bring something for Zahin (gifts, food, religious books, etc)

That's all.