Learning and Motivation

Learning and motivation:

LEARNING theories:

1.      1. Classical learning (Pavlov)

2.       2.Operant Conditioning (Skinner) à reinforcement + punishment

3.       3.Social Learning Theory (Albert) à model/observation :

a.       Attention

b.      Retention

c.       Motor reproduction

d.      Motivation

4.      4. Cognitive Learning Theory à

Experience à Restoration à recall à experience

*it is a cycle, from experience to restoratin to recall and back again to experience.

Definition of learning theories : Attempts to describe how people learn thereby are helping us to understand the inherently complex learning process.

MOTIVATION:

1.       Human basic needs are

a.       Physical

b.      Intelligent

c.       Emotional

d.      Religious

2.       Motivation to learn divided into:

a.       Extrinsic factor

b.      Intrinsic factor

*refer the Photostat’s note

3.       Theories of motivation:

a.       Instinct theory:

                                                               i.      E.g.: birds

                                                             ii.      Instincts à innate tendencies

b.      Drive-reduction theory:

                                                               i.      Do something to reduce something

c.       Incentive theory:

                                                               i.      Do something to get something

                                                             ii.      E.g. : money, praise

d.      Cognitive theory

4.       Satisfying needs (Abraham Maslow)

(LOWEST NEEDS)-----------------------------------------------------------à(HIGHEST NEEDS)

*Physiological needsàsafety needsàlove & belongingness needsàesteem needsàself-actualization needs.

**self-actualization: knows that others are more important than his self

More vocab posters

You'll find these terms in the psycho notes (That is...if you will actually read the psychology notes XD)

INVITATION TO KULIYYAH MAGHRIB

please come and join us =)...you may bring your books together..

p/s; Malaysia win! alhamdulillah..aggregate 4-2

TRANSPLANTATION !

WORLD TRANSPLANT RECORDS!


KIDNEY

1. Living Related Allograft

• longest surviving : 33 yrs, 11 months
• youngest recipient : 1day
• oldest recipient : 74 yrs
• oldest donor : 93 yrs

2.  Cadaveric Allograft

• longest surviving : 32yrs 2 months
• longest surviving (2nd treatment) :  29 yrs, months
• oldest surviving recipient : 88 yrs
• youngest surviving recipient : months
• oldest recipient : 81 yrs
• oldest donor : newborn

BONE MARROW / STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION

1. begin in 1968 - living related siblings

• severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
• advanced leukemia

     2.  previous studies in animals showed

• low incidence of GVHD will result high graft survival rates
• if  donor and recipient is histocompatible (i.e. compatible)

     3.  BMT is a major breakthrough in the treatment of a variety of malignant & non-malignant hematological disorders:

      a routine procedure at: 

• > 275 centres worldwide
• > 5000 annually
• total : > 95000

time table week 11

new time table week 10

immunofluorescence practical

Click on the pictures to see a larger image.

time table week 10

REMINDER; For Knowledge Seekers by Dr Yusuf alQaradawi

"It is indeed not my intention to discourage young Muslims from the pursuit of knowledge and learning. To learn is an obligation which is enjoined upon us from the cradle to the grave. But what I intend to emphasize here is that however broad their learning and knowledge may be, they are bound to heed those who are specialized. 


The Sharee`ah has various interdisciplinary branches and usool which these young Muslims are incapable of knowing and comprehending and for which they neither have the time nor the means.


 Furthermore, I feel obliged to point out that I do not approve of the tendency of some youths who abandon the colleges in which they have enrolled, and in which they have made good progress and are expected to do well, and seek to specialize in Sharee`ah. Such people ignore the fact that to pursue knowledge - and to excel in any discipline - is fard kifaayah: a collective obligation. 


It should also be observed that the competition between Muslims and non-Muslims for mastery of the secular sciences is at its highest. When a Muslim seeks to learn, to excel, and acquire insight into such sciences for the sake of Allah (SWT) he is actually performing `ibaadah and jihaad.



Let us remember that when the divine message was revealed to the Prophet (sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam), his earlier companions had various professions. The Prophet (sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam) did not aks them to give up their work and devote themselves to the study of Islam, except, of course, those who were entrusted with a special mission and who had to adjust themselves to its fulfillment. 


What I honestly fear is that the tendency to give up pursueing other disciplines in order to study and master Sharee`ah may be motivated by an unconscious covert desire for popularity, ostentation, and leadership, especially in meetings, debates and seminars. Such a desire is not easy to detect, because Satan has countless means and inlets into the human soul which is vulnerable to temptation, unless that individual is constantly alert. 


This means that we should carefully investigate our thoughts, motivations and strategies; we should constantly try to find out whether these are impelled by mundane or spiritual goals. Self-deception is a snare which confuses motives and blurs clarity of vision. We should never tire of reminding ourselves of this Quranic verse:


 "Whoever holds firmly to Allah will be shown a Way that is straight" [3:101].

p/s; so please do your study sincerely...all knowledges are coming from the same God, Allah swt.. 

Essay & SN

:: From Academic Bureau ::

These are the questions from the compilation and the respective PBL groups in charge. Please delegate the questions among the brothers and sisters of your group, and submit your answers in softcopy to Fais Azali, by 27 December 2010.

PBL GROUP	ESSAY QUESTIONS	SHORT NOTES QUESTION	PERSON IN CHARGE
1	1. Discuss the risk factors leading to coronary heart disease 2. The events that accompany inflammation 3. Describe the physiological aspects of preschool children and adulthood and draw a comparison between these two stages (1997)	1. Carcinogen and their role in carcinogenesis 2. Venous thrombosis (1997)	Firdaus
2	1. Define stress and discuss its medical and psychiatric aspects 2. Define shock and discuss the different types of shock that are commonly seen in clinical practice (1998)	1. The functional features that distinguishes B from T cells 2. Psychological aspects of hospitalization in children 3. The pathophysiology of generalized edema in congestive cardiac failure (1998)	Irfan
3	1. Discuss the major physical, social, and emotional transitions that characterize adolescence 2. a. Define inflammation b. Name the different classes of chemical mediators involved in acute inflammation. Describe the role of any two of the chemical mediators listed above c. Tabulate 5 differences between exudates and transudate 3. Discuss the factors that may contribute to poor wound healing associated with diabetic foot (1999)	1. Enumerate histological characteristics of malignant tumor 2. a. Define embolism b. List the types of embolism c. Briefly discuss systemic embolism (1999)	Fahmi
4	1. a. Describe the morphological characteristics of malignant tumor b. List 5 classes of oncogens with at least one example of each c. Discuss the activation of oncogen by chromosomal translocation 2. a. Briefly describe the human leucocyte antigen system (HLA) b. Describe the uses of HLA typing. Elaborate one of them c. Discuss as to why HLA is an important component of the immune system (2000)	1. Fatty change 2. The main characteristics of cytokines 3. Differences in primary and secondary immune responses (2000)	Adli
5	1. a. Define necrosis. Describe 5 types of necrosis b. Explain the differences between necrosis and apoptosis ( 2001) 2. Discuss the developments in adolescence (2000)	1. Antigen processing and presentation to TH and TC cells 2. Doctor patient relationship models 3. Pathogenesis of thrombosis in atherosclerosis (2001)	Akmal Zaim
6	1. a. Define healing and describe healing by primary and secondary intention (15) 2. a. Describe the general properties of cytokines (15) b. List 5 proinflammatory cytokines and describe 2 of them (10) ( 2002)	1. The classical pathway of the complement system 2. Transplantation rejection reactions (2002) 3. The biological functions of the complement system (1997)	Hazim
7	1. a. Classify autoimmune diseases into three categories and discuss the immunopathology of ONE disease in each category (2003) 2. Write an essay on transplantation under thefollowing headings: a. Definition. (2marks) b. Types of transplants. (4marks) c. Types and mechanisms of rejection reactions. (15marks) d. Prevention of rejection reactions(4marks) (2006)	1. Humoral immunity 2. Discuss the important ego defense mechanisms and their relevance to mental health (2003)	Arif
8	1. Define: e. Oncogene(3marks) f. Tumor suppressor genes(3marks) g. Genes involved in apoptosis (3marks) h. Discuss the roles of the above in human carcinogenesis.(16marks) 2. i. Define thrombosis. (2marks) j. List 6 diseases/conditions which predispose to thrombosis.(6marks) k. Explain the pathogenesis of thrombosis based on Virchow”s triad.(17marks) (2006)	1. Shock 2. Natural killer cells (2004) 3. Describe with the help of a diagram the alternative and common pathways of complement activation (1999)	Raja Syahmi
9	1. Discuss the immunopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and diagnosis of atopy. Illustrate your answer with diagrams abd examples. 2. Describe coping mechanisms for an illness associated with physical handicap (2007)	1. The pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis in alcohol abuse. 2. The differentiation of naïve T helper cells into TH1 and TH2 cells. (2006)	Azam
10	1. Discuss the pathogenesis of oedema 2. Write an essay on innate immunity (2008)	1. Complications (pathologic changes) of artherosclerotic lesions (2007) 2. The outcomes of acute inflammation 3. Interferons-types, mechanisms of antiviral activity and other biological actions (2008)	Zulqarnain
11	1. a. What do you understand by ‘hypersensitivity’? b. How does Hs reaction(s) differ from normal immune response? c. In what way(s) is type II Hs reaction different from Hs type III? d. Discuss in detail about ONE: i) Hs type II. OR ii) Hs type III. 2. Describe the concept of human personality and its disorders. (2009)	1. Gross and microscopic features of benign and malignant neoplasm. 2. The stages of human development stating the specific development in each stage. (2009)	Syahir